The report underscores the rapid advancement and integration of unmanned systems in various sectors, including law enforcement. As these technologies become more sophisticated and widespread, they offer new opportunities for law enforcement operations and operational support. However, they also introduce new security threats – such as misuse by criminal and terrorist groups – and regulatory challenges that law enforcement agencies must address to ensure public safety and maintain trust.Catherine De BolleEuropol Executive DirectorThe integration of unmanned systems into crime is already here, and we have to ask ourselves how criminals and terrorists might use drones and robots some years from now. Just as the internet and smartphones presented significant opportunities as well as challenges, so will this technology. Our new report by Europol’s Innovation Lab explores the future operating environment for European law enforcement agencies and suggests actions needed today in order to effectively combat crime while upholding public trust and fundamental rights tomorrow.One chapter of the report highlights the role of war as a driver for innovation in unmanned systems. Recent conflicts, such as the ongoing Russian war of aggression against Ukraine, have accelerated the development and deployment of advanced unmanned systems. The lessons learnt from these conflicts are invaluable for law enforcement agencies in Europe as they prepare for the future operating environment.Some of the key topics covered in the report include:Increasing use of unmanned systemsUnmanned systems are becoming increasingly useful, affordable and widely available, with applications in both public and private sectors. Law enforcement agencies across Europe are scaling up adoption of such systems, including drones and robots, to enhance situational awareness, improve safety and extend operational reach. These systems are employed for a range of tasks, such as monitoring, crime scene mapping, search and rescue operations, and the disposal of explosive ordnance, among others. Converging technologies present a significant opportunity for a breakthrough in the capabilities of unmanned systems.Technical and regulatory challengesThe report highlights significant technical limitations and regulatory gaps that hinder the effective use of unmanned systems in law enforcement. Issues such as limited autonomy, dependence on industrial suppliers and the lack of clear guidelines for autonomous operations pose substantial challenges.Security threatsCriminal and terrorist groups are rapidly adopting unmanned systems for illicit activities. The report warns of the potential for these systems to be used for criminal surveillance, smuggling and even attacks. The increasing accessibility and versatility of drones, in particular, present serious security concerns.Public trust and regulationPublic trust is crucial for the legitimacy of law enforcement capabilities. The report emphasises the need for transparency, accountability and public engagement in the deployment of unmanned systems. Current regulations, while advancing, still have gaps, particularly in addressing non-compliant or criminal use.Future operating environmentThe future of law enforcement will require policing in a three-dimensional space, as unmanned systems operate in the air and on the ground, as well as on and under water. This shift will necessitate new strategies, technologies and training for law enforcement agencies.RecommendationsThe report provides a set of recommendations for European law enforcement agencies, including the development of a strategic direction, the establishment of a competency hub and the integration of unmanned systems into existing information systems. It also calls for investments in training, education and public trust-building initiatives.The report is available for download on the Europol website and includes detailed insights, case studies and recommendations for law enforcement agencies, policymakers and other stakeholders.

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